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Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery In A Nutshell
Surgery of the colon and rectum is the main mode of treatment for colorectal cancer of all stages. Surgery works by removing the part of your colon or rectum which contains the cancer and the regional lymph nodes.
In rare cases, your entire colon may have to be removed.
The two ends of the sections being cut are then connected. Should there be a case where your colon is not able to be connected, an artificial opening for the colon, which is known as a colostomy, may be needed. This opening works by allowing waste materials to be excreted from your body if it is not able to be removed from the normal opening of your colon. The colostomy may be temporary, and the ends of your colon may be reconnected when your colon has healed.
In other cases, the colostomy is permanent.
In more advanced stages of colorectal cancer, surgery will be performed on other organs to which the cancer has spread to remove the cancer. Surgery may also be performed as a form of palliative treatment to ease the pain, discomfort and other symptoms you may experience.
Palliative surgery aims to improve your quality of life.
After surgery has been carried out to remove as much of the cancer as possible, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy may be required to kill any cancer cells that are still in your body. These increase the chances that you are fully cured from colorectal cancer and lowers the possibility of the cancer returning. Chemotherapy refers to the injection of anti-cancer medications into a vein on your hand. Radiotherapy refers to the use of high energy X-rays, electron beams or radioactive isotopes to attack your cancer cells. A machine is used to deliver this radiation to targeted cancer cells in your body to stop the growth of cancer cells.
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A local excision is used for very early stages of colorectal cancer. Instead of cutting through your abdominal wall, your surgeon removes the cancer by using a tube with a cutting tool through the rectum into your colon. This is used to remove the cancer. If the cancer is found in a polyp, which is a mass of cells found on the lining of your colon, a polypectomy is carried out whereby the polyp is removed.
If the cancer is found at later stages where the tumour has grown bigger, resection of your colon is performed. This is known as a colectomy, where your surgeon removes the cancer and a small amount of healthy tissue nearby. Your lymph nodes near the cancer site will likely be removed to test for cancer. Thereafter, anastomosis may be carried out where the healthy segments of your colon are rejoined. Otherwise, a stoma (opening) will be created on the outside of your body in a procedure known as a colostomy. A colostomy bag is attached to the stoma. This allows waste materials to pass through and be removed from your digestive system. In certain cases, colostomy may be reversed once your lower colon has healed. In cases where your entire lower colon has to be removed, the colostomy may be permanent.
Surgery is the main mode for treatment for colorectal cancer of all stages, as this is highly effective in removing the cancer cells. Removal of cancer cells reduces the possibility of the cancer progressing and spreading to other parts of your body. The type of surgery carried out depends on the stage of colorectal cancer.
Surgery is the main mode for treatment for rectal cancer of all stages, as this is highly effective in removing the cancer cells. Removal of cancer cells reduces the possibility of the cancer progressing and spreading to other parts of your body. The type of surgery carried out depends on the stage of rectal cancer.
In Stages 0 and some cases of Stage I rectal cancer, the polyp may be removed completely via polypectomy. Polypectomy is usually done during a colonoscopy, where the polyp is removed through the anus and the abdomen does not need to be cut.
In other cases of Stage I rectal cancer, where the cancer has grown into the inner lining of the rectum, and Stage 2 rectal cancer, a small amount of the surrounding tissue which contains the cancer is also removed. This may be done using transanal resection or transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). In other cases, a low anterior resection (LAR), proctectomy with colo-anal anastomosis, or an abdominoperineal resection (APR) may be done. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy is recommended along with surgery for Stage 2 rectal cancer. These work by stopping the growth of new cancer cells and making the tumour smaller in size.
In Stage 3 rectal cancer, surgery is performed to remove the rectal tumour and nearby lymph nodes. This may be done using LAR, proctectomy with colo-anal anastomosis, or an APR.Chemotherapy and radiotherapy is recommended along with surgery.
If the cancer is at an advanced stage where it has spread to other organs in your body such as the liver or lungs, the primary cancer in your rectum will first be removed. Thereafter, your surgeon will perform surgical removal of the cancer in the other organs. These can be done via the LAR or APR. Depending on the extent of the cancer, surgery will help you live longer or may cure you.
After the respective sections of your rectum are removed, the two open ends of your bowel are rejoined. Otherwise, a temporary stoma which is an opening will be in place. A bowel bag is placed over the stoma to collect bowel motions and let your bowel rest after the surgery.
For open surgery:
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